research

Sjoa naturreservat’s aim is to preserve a specific type of nature in the form of a well-developed, varied, species-rich and large river and stream gorge, rare designs of lime forest and well-developed rock wall forest with pine and birch, perennial forest and grey alder hedgerow forest. The purpose of the nature reserve is to protect an area that is particularly important for biological diversity in that it is an important habitat for rare and endangered species, including a large diversity of terrestrial fungi and rich low flora and vascular flora. 

this is the text translated and I am aiming to use it as a guide for the book parts interms of progression. 

Mushrooms - who, what, where

Everyone who walks in the woods or in the mountains in the fall has noticed fungi on the ground. A good eye-catching example is red fly agaric.

But mushrooms are so much more diverse. Some fungi are microscopically small, while others can weigh several kilograms. They can have all possible and impossible shapes and colors. We find them in the garden, in the forest, in meadows and pastures and in the mountains, where they are found both in and on trees and plants, on soil and in water. There are also fungi inside greenhouses and residential houses, not to mention in the fridge!

What are fungi, and what do they do in nature?

Mushrooms are neither plants nor animals, but belong to a separate realm - the mushroom kingdom. Fungi do not have chlorophyll (the green dye we find in green plants), and they can thus not obtain their own nourishment by photosynthesis. They must therefore obtain "fuel" from other sources. Many fungi therefore make a living by breaking down organic material such as wood, plant parts and dead animals. These fungi are called saprophytes or decomposers.

Other fungi are parasites, ie they live directly on or in living animals and plants and obtain nourishment by "eating" the host. In humans, we know i.a. for athlete's foot, nail fungus and skin fungus. In animals we sometimes find ringworm, and in plants there are large amounts of fungi that can cause large economic losses. In the forest, we have, among other things, root crops, which can destroy large values ​​in spruce forest.

We also have lots of so-called mycorrhizal fungi (eg veil fungi, which are a particularly large and important genus of fungi throughout the world). Mycorrhizal fungi are fungi that live in coexistence with trees and plants, by being closely associated with the plants' root system. This coexistence is useful for both the fungi and the plants, and had it not been for the fungi, the forest boundary in the mountains would probably have been considerably lower. The fungus provides a good deal of substances and not least water for the host plants, while the trees provide "fuel" for the fungus in the form of carbohydrates. Mycorrhiza can be translated as fungal root, and is found in orchids, heather and many of our most common trees.

What does a fungus look like?

Mushrooms here a great diversity, mushrooms very different. Microscopic fungi include i.a. yeast. Most people know these from baking, but yeast is also important in beer production and wine production.

Mold is also known to most people. Mold on cheese, jams and old cold cuts in the fridge are fungi, and molds are used in much of the cheese production both in Norway and abroad. The cheese breaks down substances in the milk so that chemical substances are formed that add both smell and taste to the end product. Roquefort cheese, camembert and brie are good and tasty mold cheeses. However, it is important to keep in mind that many molds can produce TOXICS, which are harmful if we or animals eat them. It is therefore important to dispose of liquid or soft foods that are moldy, as the toxins are distributed in large parts of the food.

Big mushrooms

The term large fungus is used for fungi of such a size that we see them with the naked eye in nature. What we see above the earth, however, is only the reproductive organ itself (the "fungus"), while most of the fungi are actually UNDER the earth in the form of mycelium. The mycelium are thin, long threads that are interwoven in the top layer of soil. It is the mycelium that ensures the fungus' metabolism, and it is the mycelial threads that form contact points with host plants in mycorrhiza.

The fungi reproduce by spores (seeds). Over time, a mature fungus can produce millions of spores, and if a spore finds favorable growth conditions where it lands, a new mycelium can form.

Designs

Hat hats have, as the name suggests, a hat, a stalk and a foot. The spores form in a separate spore-forming layer under the cap. This layer can have a different design

o Disc fungi, where the spore layer is divided into thin slices. Among the sliced ​​mushrooms we find many good edible mushrooms (eg mushrooms, kremels and hazards), but also lots of very poisonous species. With us, eating white and green fly agarics and poison ivy mushrooms has led to deaths. When picking mushrooms to eat, YOU MUST KNOW WHAT TO PICK AND HOW TO PICK (see later)

o Pipe fungi where the trace layer is thin tubes

o Stud fungi, where the spore layer sits on spike-like outgrowths.

- Morkler. In morels, the spore-forming layer sits on the outside of the fungal body. The morels often have a curly surface. Among the morels we find good food fungi, but also highly toxic species. Sand morel is BOTH a good edible mushroom, but also very toxic if cooked incorrectly. Sand morel is one of our earliest mushrooms, and can be found already in March and April in favorable places.

- Cup fungus usually grows straight on the ground, and has the spore-forming layer as the bottom of a deep plate

- Smoke mushrooms are named after the "smoke" they give off when they are mature. This smoke is the tracks. The spores form inside the fungal body, and when the fungus is mature, the skin around the spore layer cracks open so that the spores can spread.

- Earth stars are some strange fungi. In these we find a double wall - when the fungus

https://artsdatabanken.no/Rodliste/Artsgruppene/Sopper

The Rule of Thirds a way to look at the layout of a design of anything. The idea is straightforward; you place a simple grid overlay on the space to be used for the design. 

Tschichold says that common ratios for page proportion used in book design include as 2:3, 1:√3, and the golden ratio. The image with circular arcs depicts the proportions in a medieval manuscript, that according to Tschichold feature a "Page proportion 2:3. Margin proportions 1:1:2:3.